Brain cancer after radiation exposure from CT examinations of children and young adults: results from the EPI-CT cohort study

Michael Hauptmann (1) , Graham Byrnes (2) , Elisabeth Cardis (3) , Marie-Odile Bernier (4) , Maria Blettner (5) , Jérémie Dabin (6) , Hilde Engels , Tore Istad (7) , Christoffer Johansen (8) , Magnus Kaijser (9) , Kristina Kjaerheim (10) , Neige Journy (11, 12) , Johanna Meulepas (13) , Monika Moissonnier (14) , Cecile Ronckers , Isabelle Thierry-Chef (3) , Lucian Le Cornet (15) , Andreas Jahnen (16) , Roman Pokora (17) , Magda Bosch de Basea (3) , Jordi Figuerola (18) , Carlo Maccia (19) , Arvid Nordenskjold (20) , Richard Harbron (21) , Choonsik Lee (22) , Steven Simon , Amy Berrington de Gonzalez (23) , Joachim Schüz (14) , Ausrele Kesminiene (14)

1 Institute of Biostatistics and Registry Research, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane
2 IARC - International Agency for Research on Cancer
3 ISGlobal - Instituto de Salud Global - Institute For Global Health [Barcelona]
4 IRSN/PSE-SANTE/SESANE/LEPID - Laboratoire d épidémiologie des rayonnements ionisants
5 University of Mainz
6 SCK CEN
7 Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority
8 Danish Cancer Society Research Center
9 neuroradiology department
10 Cancer Registry of Norway
11 U1018
12 CESP - Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations
13 The Netherlands Cancer Institute [Amsterdam, The Netherlands]
14 CIRC - IARC - Centre International de Recherche contre le Cancer - International Agency for Research on Cancer
15 DKFZ - German Cancer Research Center - Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum [Heidelberg]
16 LIST - Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology
17 Mainz University
18 ISGlobal - Barcelona Institute for Global Health
19 CAATS - Centre d'Assurance qualité des Applications Technologiques dans le domaine de la Santé
20 Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Neurology
21 Newcastle University
22 Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics
23 NCI-NIH - National Cancer Institute [Bethesda]

Summary Background The European EPI-CT study aims to quantify cancer risks from CT examinations of children and young adults. Here, we assess the risk of brain cancer. Methods We pooled data from nine European countries for this cohort study. Eligible participants had at least one CT examination before age 22 years documented between 1977 and 2014, had no previous diagnosis of cancer or benign brain tumour, and were alive and cancer-free at least 5 years after the first CT. Participants were identified through the Radiology Information System in 276 hospitals. Participants were linked with national or regional registries of cancer and vital status, and eligible cases were patients with brain cancers according to WHO International Classification of Diseases for Oncology. Gliomas were analysed separately to all brain cancers. Organ doses were reconstructed using historical machine settings and a large sample of CT images. Excess relative risks (ERRs) of brain cancer per 100 mGy of cumulative brain dose were calculated with linear dose-response modelling. The outcome was the first reported diagnosis of brain cancer after an exclusion period of 5 years after the first electronically recorded CT examination. Findings We identified 948 174 individuals, of whom 658 752 (69%) were eligible for our study. 368 721 (56%) of 658 752 participants were male and 290 031 (44%) were female. During a median follow-up of 5·6 years (IQR 2·4–10·1), 165 brain cancers occurred, including 121 (73%) gliomas. Mean cumulative brain dose, lagged by 5 years, was 47·4 mGy (SD 60·9) among all individuals and 76·0 mGy (100·1) among people with brain cancer. A significant linear dose-response relationship was observed for all brain cancers (ERR per 100 mGy 1·27 [95% CI 0·51–2·69]) and for gliomas separately (ERR per 100 mGy 1·11 [0·36–2·59]). Results were robust when the start of follow-up was delayed beyond 5 years and when participants with possibly previously unreported cancers were excluded. Interpretation The observed significant dose-response relationship between CT-related radiation exposure and brain cancer in this large, multicentre study with individual dose evaluation emphasises careful justification of paediatric CTs and use of doses as low as reasonably possible.

Domaines: Santé publique et épidémiologie

Michael Hauptmann, Graham Byrnes, Elisabeth Cardis, Marie-Odile Bernier, Maria Blettner, et al.. Brain cancer after radiation exposure from CT examinations of children and young adults: results from the EPI-CT cohort study. Lancet Oncology, 2023, 24 (1), pp.45-53. ⟨10.1016/S1470-2045(22)00655-6⟩. ⟨irsn-04032559⟩