De la ville contrôlable à la ville complexe : incertitude de la connaissance et fondements rationnels de l'urbanisme
Résumé
Modern urban planning was traditionally based on the belief of a controllable city, the latter being knowable and predictable. However, the last decades have been marked by a paradigm shift. The city is increasingly understood as a complex self-organized system. Its knowledge is by definition approximate and uncertain, and the city evolves in an economic and societal context which is in its turn highly uncertain. This acknowledgement creates a tension with the current praxis of urban planning. It generates three different kinds of responses: to give up planning by entrusting market-driven mechanisms, to eliminate uncertainty in large urban projects by limiting control in space and time, to intervene in a more flexible way, taking advantage of urban complexity and even favoring it. Each of these proposals has its own limitations, but they all contribute to the emergence of new concepts: the multiplicity of coordinating mechanisms in the production of the city, the dialectics between self-organization and control efforts, the necessary integration of uncertainty. In a more general way, the self-conscious intervention on the city seems to need a new equilibrium among the three categories of Aristotelian knowledge: episteme, techne and phronesis.
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